Ngaba ucinga ukungenisa iimveliso ezivela eTshayina? Ukuba ucinga ngokuqalisa ukwenza njalo, inyathelo lokuqala kukuba fumana umthengisi waseTshayina othembekileyo ngubani oya kukunika isixa-mali semveliso oyi-odolayo. Ukwazi apho urhwebo lolwakho kubalulekile ukuba ufuna ukufumana isicatshulwa esichanekileyo somyalelo wakho olandelayo wamazwe ngamazwe.
I-EXW, i-FOB, i-CFR, i-CIF, i-DDP, i-FCA yiminye yemigaqo yorhwebo omele uyive, kwaye ukukhetha isigama esifanelekileyo kunokuthintela iindleko ezingalindelekanga, ukulibaziseka kokuthutha kunye nokunganxibelelani kakuhle nababoneleli. Ke ngawaphi awona magama asebenzayo orhwebo ukufumana iikowuti ezichanekileyo?
Kulo myalezo, ndiza kugubungela amagama asetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kunye nendlela yokuwasebenzisa kwiingongoma ezi-6 ezibalulekileyo ukugcina izinto ezicacileyo, eziqikelelwayo kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Ndiza kubelana ngeengcebiso ezisebenzayo eziza kukuvumela ukuba uphephe eminye imigibe kwaye ikuvumela ukuba ufumane izicatshulwa ezichanekileyo.
1.Yintoni iXesha leRhwebo/Incoterm? Ngaba kubalulekile ukuqonda iXesha loRhwebo/Incoterm?
Ngaphambi kokuba ufune ikowuti evela kumthengisi, ufuna ukuqonda amanye amagama orhwebo. Ngokuqonda imigaqo yorhwebo, unokuchaza ukuba ngubani ojongene neendleko zothutho, i-inshurensi, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwempahla ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye.
Ukukhetha i-Incoterms efanelekileyo kunokuthetha umahluko phakathi kwentengiselwano elula, engenangxaki kunye nenye eneendleko ezingalindelekanga okanye ukulibaziseka. Ngokuziqhelanisa nale migaqo, uya kukwazi ukufumana iikowuti ezichanekileyo kwaye uphephe ukungaqondani okuqhelekileyo kunye nababoneleli.
Ngokwesiqhelo, ukuziqhelanisa nale migaqo kuya kukuvumela ukuba uthathe inyathelo lokuqala kwiingxoxo. Umzekelo, ukuba ungumthengi weshishini elincinci, ungakhetha i-“CIF” (Iindleko, i-Inshurensi kunye noThutho), okuthetha ukuba kufuneka ujongane neendleko kuphela kwizibuko lendawo, ngelixa umthengisi ehlawulela uthutho lwangaphambili. kunye ne-inshurensi. Olu lwazi alukuvumeli kuphela ukuba wenze ukhetho olunolwazi oluthe kratya, kodwa lukongela ixesha kunye nomgudu kwaye lunciphisa ubungozi bothutho obunokwenzeka. Ke ngoko, ukuziqhelanisa namagama orhwebo kubalulekile kuwe ukuba wenze izigqibo ezichubekileyo nezisebenzayo kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, kukho intaphane yamagama orhwebo, kunye ne-ICC (I-International Chamber of Commerce) upapasha incwadi rhoqo emva kwexesha elithile ukulungelelanisa imigaqo yorhwebo. Ngapha koko, awudingi ukwazi ukuba zonke zezakho, kufuneka wazi kuphela inxalenye yemigaqo yorhwebo eqhelekileyo EXW, FOB, CFR, CIF, DDP, FCA. Ndiza kubazisa nganye nganye ukuze ndikuncede uqonde indlela abayisebenzisa ngayo ngokukhawuleza.
2.EXW, FOB, CFR, CIF, DDP, FCA ,Yeyiphi eyona ifanelekileyo?
EXW (Ex Works)
I-EXW ifanelekile kubathengi abanothungelwano lolungiselelo olusekwe kakuhle. Abathengisi bafuna ukuhambisa kuphela kumzi-mveliso kwaye abathengi banoxanduva lwazo zonke izinto zokuhamba, i-inshurensi kunye nokukhutshwa kwempahla evela kwindawo yokusingwa. Umzekelo, ukuba uneqela lakho lolungiselelo okanye uqhelene nenkqubo yokuthumela ngaphandle, ukukhetha i-EXW kunokunciphisa iindleko, kodwa unoxanduva lwenkqubo yonke yokuthutha.
Masithi umthengi ufuna ukuthenga ukuthunyelwa kwezacholo ezivela e-Yiwu, e-China kwaye ukhethe imigaqo ye-EXW. Ngokutsho kwe-EXW, umthengisi uya kulungiselela iimpahla kwaye azibeke kwindawo echongiweyo yokuhanjiswa kwefektri. Umthengi kufuneka athumele inkampani yezothutho ukuba iye kuphuthuma iimpahla kumzi-mveliso oseYiwu ize emva koko inyamekele ezothutho, kuquka zonke iindleko zothutho elwandle, ezothutho ngenqwelo-moya, i-inshorensi kunye nokukhutshwa kwempahla ephuma elwandle.
Lo mzekelo ufanelekile kubathengi abanenethiwekhi ye-Logistics efanelekileyo, ngakumbi ezo nkampani zifuna ukulawula iindleko, zilungiselele ukuhamba kwazo okanye zibe nemvume eqinile yamasiko. Nangona kunjalo, kubathengi abangenamava, i-EXW inokongeza umthwalo omninzi owongezelelweyo kunye nomngcipheko.
I-FOB (uThutho lukhwele ebhodini)
I-FOB lelinye igama elisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo lokurhweba elibonisa ukuba umthengisi unoxanduva lokuhambisa iimpahla kwizibuko elichongiweyo lokuthunyelwa (umzekelo, i-Ningbo, i-China) kunye nokuzilayisha enqanaweni. Umthengisi unoxanduva lokulayisha iimpahla enqanaweni, emva koko iindleko zothutho kunye neengozi zithwalwa ngumthengi. Ukuba ukhetha ukukhetha umthumeli wakho wempahla, i-FOB ikunika ukuguquguquka kokulawula iindleko zokuhamba kamva.I-FOB ifaneleka ngokukodwa kwiimveliso zempahla yolwandle kunye nabathengi abanamava athile kwezothutho.
Masithi umthengi ujonge ukuthenga ukuthunyelwa kweemveliso ze-elektroniki ezivela eNingbo, eChina, kwaye amaqela akhethe imigaqo yeFOB. Umthengisi unoxanduva lokuhambisa iimveliso kwi-port ye-Ningbo kunye nokuzilayisha kwinqanawa, oku kuthetha ukuba bathwala zonke iindleko ukusuka kumzi-mveliso ukuya kwi-port, ukulayishwa kwe-port kunye nokukhulula, njalo njalo. Emva kokuba iimpahla zilayishiwe kwaye zigqithise isiporo senqanawa, uxanduva lutshintshela kumthengi. Ngeli nqanaba, umthengi uya kuthwala iindleko zempahla yolwandle, i-inshurensi, kunye neendleko zokukhutshwa kwempahla kunye nokuthutha kwi-port yendawo.
Amagama e-FOB afaneleke ngokukodwa kubathengi abanolwazi oluthile lolungiselelo lwamazwe ngamazwe, okanye ezo nkampani zifuna ukuba ababoneleli bazo baphathe umba wezothutho lwasekhaya. Ngaphantsi kwalo mzekelo, umthengi unokonwabela enye yenkxaso yolungiselelo olulungiselelwe ngumthengisi, ngelixa enokuzimela okungaphezulu kunye nokuguquguquka kwikhonkco lokuthutha ulwandle.
I-CFR (Iindleko kunye noThutho)
Igatya le-CFR lichaza ukuba umthengisi unoxanduva lokuhambisa iimpahla kwi-port ekhethiweyo yomthengi kwaye ithwala iindleko zokuthutha, kodwa akanalo uxanduva lwe-inshurensi ngexesha lokuthutha. Ngamanye amazwi, umthengisi unoxanduva lokuthutha iimpahla kwizibuko lomthengi, kwaye imithwalo yolwandle ibandakanyiwe kwixabiso lekhontrakthi, kodwa emva kokuba iimpahla zilayishwe enqanaweni, yonke ingozi idlulela kumthengi. Ukuba umthengi unqwenela ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwezothutho, kufuneka azithengele eyakhe i-inshorensi.
Masithi umthengi uthenge impahla evela eNingbo, eTshayina, izibuko laseLos Angeles, eU.S.A. Omabini amaqela ayavuma ukusebenzisa imigaqo yeCFR. Kule meko, umthengisi unoxanduva lokulungiselela ukuthuthwa kwempahla ukusuka kumzi-mveliso ukuya kwizibuko laseNingbo kwaye uhlawula imithwalo yolwandle ukusuka eNingbo ukuya eLos Angeles. Nangona kunjalo, nje ukuba iimpahla zilayishwe kuloliwe kunye nangomzila wenqanawa e-Ningbo, umngcipheko ngexesha lokuhamba uthwalwa ngumthengi. Ngoko ke, nangona umthengisi sele ehlawulele imithwalo yolwandle, umthengi kusafuneka athathele ingqalelo ukuthenga i-inshurensi yokuthunyelwa ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwayo ngexesha lokuthutha.
Amagama e-CFR afaneleke ngakumbi kubathengi abafuna umthengisi aphathe iindleko zothutho lwasekhaya kunye neendleko zothutho elwandle, kodwa kufuneka bahlale besebenza malunga nemiba ye-inshurensi. Kwiimveliso ezifuna ukuthunyelwa ngaphesheya kolwandle ukuya e-U.S., abathengi bahlala benciphisa imingcipheko yezothutho nge-inshurensi eyongezelelweyo.
I-CIF (Iindleko, i-Inshurensi, kunye noThutho)
I-CIF yenye yemigaqo yorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, ebonisa ukuba umthengisi uthwala iindleko zothutho kunye ne-inshurensi yempahla kwizibuko ekuyiwa kulo elichazwe ngumthengi. Ngaphantsi kwemigaqo ye-CIF, umthengisi unoxanduva lokuhlawula imithwalo yokuthutha ukuya kwi-port yendawo ekusingwa kuyo kwaye uqinisekisa iimpahla zokuhamba ukuze umthengi angabi naxhala malunga nale nxalenye eyongezelelweyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-CIF igubungela kuphela umngcipheko wangaphambi kokufika, kwaye umthengi unoxanduva lokukhutshwa kwezithethe kunye nokuthutha okulandelayo kwizibuko lendawo.
Makhe sicinge ukuba umthengi uthenga iinxalenye zoomatshini ezivela eTshayina, ezisingise kwizibuko laseHamburg, eJamani, kwaye omabini amaqela ayavuma ukusebenzisa imigaqo yeCIF. Kule meko, umthengisi unoxanduva lokuthuthwa kweempahla ukusuka e-China ukuya kwi-port yase-Hamburg kwaye uhlawula iindleko ze-ocean kunye ne-inshurensi. Oku kuthetha ukuba umthengisi uqinisekisa iingozi ngexesha lokuthutha kwaye uthwala zonke iindleko de ufike eHamburg.
Nje ukuba iimpahla zifike eHamburg, umthengi uqalisa ukuthwala iindleko ezishiyekileyo kunye nemingcipheko, kubandakanywa ukukhutshwa kwempahla kwizibuko lendawo ekuyiwa kuyo, iintlawulo zezibuko ezahlukeneyo, kunye neendleko zothutho ukusuka kwizibuko ukuya kwindawo yokugqibela. bafuna umthengisi ukuba aphathe ukuthutha kunye ne-inshurensi, kwaye ifanelekile ngokukodwa kwiimeko apho ukuthutha ukuwela umda kuyafuneka kwaye umthengi akafuni ukongeza icandelo le-inshurensi eyongezelelweyo.
I-DDP (uMsebenzi oZisiweyo uhlawulwe)
I-DDP lixesha lorhwebo elilunge kakhulu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba umthengisi uthatha zonke iindleko kunye nemingcipheko esuka kwilizwe elithumela ngaphandle ukuya kwindawo echongwe umthengi, kubandakanywa uthutho, i-inshorensi, iirhafu kunye neerhafu, njl. indawo yokugqibela yokuhanjiswa ngaphandle kokukhathazeka malunga naluphi na uthutho kunye neenkqubo zokucocwa kwezithethe. Umthengi uthatha nje iimpahla kwindawo yokugqibela yokuhanjiswa kwaye akukho mfuneko yokuba akhathazeke malunga naluphi na uthutho kunye neenkqubo zokucoca amasiko. Ngaphantsi kwalo mzekelo, umthengisi unomthwalo omkhulu, kodwa unika umthengi ngeenkonzo ezifanelekileyo "zendlu ngendlu".
Umthengi uthenge iimpahla ze-elektroniki ezivela e-China, eziya eLondon, e-UK, kwaye omabini amaqela akhethe imimiselo ye-DDP. Kule meko, umthengisi unoxanduva lokulungiselela ukuthutha kunye ne-inshurensi esuka e-China ukuya e-UK, kunye nokwenza yonke imisebenzi yokungenisa impahla, i-VAT kunye neenkqubo zokuhlanjululwa kwe-customs xa efika e-UK. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa iimpahla zifika kwindawo echongiweyo eLondon, umthengi ufuna kuphela ukuba amkele kwaye athathe iimpahla ngaphandle kweenkqubo ezongezelelweyo zokucima amasiko okanye ukuhlawulwa kweerhafu.
Amagama e-DDP afanelekile kubathengi abafuna ukwenza lula inkqubo yokungenisa elizweni kwaye baphephe iinkqubo ezingqongqo zokukhutshwa kwezithethe, ngakumbi kwiinkampani okanye abantu abangenawo amava orhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Kubathengi abanqwenela ukuthabatha iimpahla zabo ngaphandle komthungo, i-DDP inikezela ngokulula kunye nokuqikelelwa, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo oku kuthetha ukuba iindleko zempahla ziya kuba phezulu, njengoko zonke iingozi kunye neentlawulo zibandakanyiwe kwixabiso.
I-FCA (Isithwali samahala)
I-FCA ligama lokuthengisa elibonisa ukuba uxanduva lomthengisi luphela xa umthengisi ehambisa iimpahla kumphathiswa kwindawo ekhethiweyo. Umthengisi unoxanduva lokuhambisa iimpahla kwindawo echongiweyo kunye nokugcwalisa imimiselo yokukhutshwa kwamanye amazwe, ngelixa umthengi ethwala zonke iingozi kunye neendleko ezivela kuloo ndawo, kubandakanywa ukuthutha, i-inshurensi kunye neendleko zokukhutshwa kwi-port yendawo, njl. idla ngokusebenza kwiindlela zothutho lomhlaba okanye elwandle, ezibhetyebhetye ngakumbi.
Umxhasi uthenge ibhetshi yezinto zokuhombisa zasekhaya eTshayina, eziya eNew York, eU.S.A. Amaqela akhethe ukusebenzisa imigaqo yeFCA. Ngokwemigaqo yeFCA, umthengisi uhambisa iimveliso kumthwali ochongiweyo womthengi, njengenkampani yezothutho okanye umthumeli wempahla. Ukucinga ukuba umthengisi ukhetha i-Shanghai njengendawo yokuhanjiswa, uxanduva lomthengisi kukuthutha iimpahla kwi-port yaseShanghai kwaye ugqibezele imvume yokuthumela ngaphandle. Emva koko, iimpahla zinikezelwa kumthengi ochongiweyo ukuba aphathe, kwaye umthengi unoxanduva lokulungiselela ukuthuthwa kolwandle, i-inshurensi kunye ne-custos clearance kwi-port yokuya.
Ngaphantsi kwemigaqo ye-FCA, umthengi ukhululekile ukukhetha umthwali, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo le ndlela ifanelekile kubathengi abanamatshaneli abo okusebenza okanye bafuna ukulawula inkqubo yokuthutha. Ngelixa umthengisi ethwala ngaphezulu kweendleko zangaphambili kunye nemingcipheko, umthengi kufuneka athwale iindleko ezinkulu ukusuka kwindawo yokuhanjiswa, kubandakanya ukuthutha kunye ne-inshurensi elandelayo. Kubathengi abaqhelene nenkqubo yothutho lwamazwe ngamazwe, i-FCA inikezela ngokuguquguquka okukhulu kunye nokulawula.
I-3.Iingcebiso zokuNxibelelana naBaboneleli ukuze bafumane iiQuotes ezichanekileyo
Xa ufuna ukufumana isicatshulwa esichanekileyo kumenzi okanye umrhwebi, iinkcukacha ezininzi ozinikezelayo malunga nemveliso ofuna ukuyi-odola, ngcono. Oku kubandakanya iinkcukacha ezinje ngobungakanani, imathiriyeli, umbala, ukhetho lokupakisha, kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izinto ozifunayo. Ukungqaleka kunciphisa amathuba okuba umthengisi enze iingqikelelo ezinokukhokelela kwisicatshulwa esingachanekanga.
Cacisa ngokucacileyo i-Incoterms (imiqathango yorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe) oya kuyisebenzisa, njenge-FOB, i-CIF okanye i-EXW. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba omabini amaqela ayavumelana malunga nokuba ngubani oza kuthwala iimpahla kunye neentlawulo zempahla kwaye ngubani oya kuba noxanduva lwe-inshurensi kunye nomngcipheko ngexesha lokuthutha.
Cela ulwazi malunga nemigaqo yokuhlawula (umzekelo, idiphozithi, intlawulo epheleleyo) kunye nemveliso okanye ixesha lokuhamba ngenqanawa. Ababoneleli banokunikezela ngezaphulelo kwintlawulo yokuqala okanye iiodolo ezininzi, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ezi nkcukacha kwangethuba.
Uninzi lwabavelisi baseTshayina okanye abathengisi baqala kwi-1000 USD, ukuba ixabiso lakho lokuqala lingaphezulu kwe-10000 USD, umthengisi uya kunika ixabiso elithotyiweyo.
Uceba ukuthenga ibhetshi yeepakethi ezilungiselelweyo ezivela eTshayina nge-MOQ yeziqwenga ze-1,000 ngexabiso le-15 yedola nganye. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba unokuxelela umthengisi kwangaphambili ukuba unokwandisa inani lokuthenga kwixesha elizayo (umzekelo, ngokuthenga amaqhekeza angama-5,000), umthengisi unokuvuma ukunciphisa ixabiso kwi-$ 12 ngeqhekeza okanye anikeze isaphulelo esongezelelweyo.
4.Qinisekisa ukupakishwa kunye nexabiso lentengiso yesiko ngaphambi koku-odola
Xa usenza iodolo yakho yokuthenga elandelayo, qinisekisa amaxabiso okupakishwa kunye nokuphawulwa ngokwesiko, ukuba unophawu lwakho okanye ukuba ujonge ukwenza ipakethe yakho yemveliso ibe yeyakho. Unxibelelwano olucacileyo kwasekuqaleni luya kunceda ukuphepha iindleko ezingalindelekanga.
Ucela umthengisi ngeendleko zokupakishwa okulungiselelweyo kunye neempawu zebhrendi, kwaye umthengisi unika isicatshulwa se-$ 12 ngemveliso nganye, kodwa akadwelisi ngokucacileyo iindleko zoyilo kunye neendleko zokuprinta. Unokucela umthengisi ukuba adwelise iindleko ngokweenkcukacha kwaye aqinisekise ukuba banikezela ngenkxaso yoyilo lwasimahla okanye iinkqubo zezaphulelo.
5.Ukunqanda iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ezikhokelela kwiiQuotes ezingachanekanga
Ukuba ujonge ukufumana iimveliso ezivela eTshayina, ukusilela kwakho ukunika iinkcukacha zemveliso (umzekelo, imilinganiselo, imathiriyeli, ukusebenza, njl. njl.) iimfuno zokwenza ngokwezifiso. Oku kunokubangela iindleko ezongezelelweyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa ezingabonakali kwikowuti yakho yokugqibela.
Awubuzi ngokucacileyo malunga neendleko zokuthumela kunye namaxesha okuhanjiswa, okubangelwa ukucaphuna, ufumanisa ukuba iindleko zokuthumela ziphezulu kakhulu kunokuba zilindelwe kwaye ixesha lokuhambisa lide kunokuba licetywe ekuqaleni. Isicatshulwa somthengisi siquka kuphela ixabiso lemveliso ngaphandle kokuchaza iindleko zothutho kunye nokupakishwa.
Kufuneka ucacise imigaqo yokuhlawula kunye nomthengisi, njengokuba kufuneka uhlawule idiphozithi kwangaphambili okanye unokuhlawula ngezavenge. Ngaphezu koko, kufuneka uqinisekise imigaqo yokurhweba (efana ne-FOB okanye i-CIF), kwaye omabini amacala aqinisekisa iindleko zokuthutha kunye noxanduva lomngcipheko, olunokubonelela ukuphepha inkathazo engeyomfuneko kunye neendleko ezongezelelweyo.
6.Ingaba ixabiso lokugqibela sisitokhwe sefektri okanye imveliso entsha
Xa uthetha-thethwano nabathengisi, fumana ukuba ixabiso lokugqibela lemveliso lixabiso lempahla okanye iimveliso ezisanda kuveliswa, ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iindleko zokuthenga, ixesha lokuhambisa, kunye nomgangatho wemveliso, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Ukuqonda lo mahluko wexabiso kunokukunceda wenze uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lwebhajethi. Masithi ucela umthengisi okanye umrhwebi ukuba enze ngokwezifiso itafile kwaye umthengisi ubonelela ngekowuti ye-100 yeedola. Ukuba awuqinisekisi ngokucacileyo ukuba ngaba elo xabiso lisekelwe kwi-inventri ekhoyo okanye kwimveliso entsha, unokufumanisa ukuba xa uthatha isigqibo soku-odola, umthengisi ukuxelela ukuba kufuneka yenziwe ngokutsha, kwimeko apho ixabiso linokunyuka, mhlawumbi. ukuya kwi-120 yeedola, ngenxa yokuba kukho iiyure ezininzi zabantu kunye neendleko zempahla ezibandakanyekayo ekuvelisweni kwemveliso entsha.
Ukuba ufuna ukulawula iindleko zokuthenga, ukubeka phambili izinto ezisesitokhweni kunye nokuthethathethana ngamaxabiso kunye nabanikezeli benkonzo kunokukhokelela kwizaphulelo ezininzi kunye nezibonelelo. Kwiimveliso ezintsha, unokukwazi ukukhusela imimiselo yexabiso elingcono ngokunyusa ubungakanani beodolo, okanye amaxabiso aphantsi eyunithi ngezivumelwano zentsebenziswano zexesha elide.
Eyokugqibela
Ndiyathemba ukuba eli nqaku malunga nemigaqo yorhwebo likuncede ukuba uphephe iingxaki ezithile xa ufumana iikowuti. Ukuba usenemibuzo okanye indlela engcono yokusondela kwesi sihloko, nceda undazise ngokushiya uluvo olungezantsi.
IGoodcan yinkampani yokuthenga iarhente eYiwu, ukuba ufuna eyona nkonzo ilungileyo kwaye unikezela ngelona xabiso likhuphisanayo, nceda Qhagamshelana nathi!
