Kwimimandla yempahla yezizwe kunye nempahla yomoya, inqwelo moya idla ngokuhlelwa kumacandelo amabini amakhulu: iimpahla ngokubanzi zempahla kunye neempahla ezizodwa.
Ukuqonda okunzulu kweenkcazo, iindidi kunye neendlela zokuphatha ezi ntlobo zimbini zethokhevo azincedi kuphela ukuphucula uthutho Ukusebenza kakuhle, kodwa kukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuthotyelwa kwenkqubo yothutho. Eli nqaku liza kubonelela ngohlalutyo oluneenkcukacha zolwazi olufanelekileyo kwezi ntlobo zimbini zempahla.
1. Ingcaciso:
Impahla ngokubanzi, ekwabizwa ngokuba ziimpahla eziqhelekileyo (umthwalo ngokubanzi), zibhekisa kwiimpahla ezingafunwayo ukuphatha okhethekileyo ngexesha lokuhamba, ukulayisha kunye nokugcina. Zihlala zineempawu ezilandelayo:
- Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo: Aziqquneli iimfuno eziyingozi okanye ezizodwa.
- Ukupakisha okusemgangathweni: Iimpahla zempahla kufuneka zibe ne-Propecting ngeendlela zokupakisha. Iibhokisi eziqhelekileyo, iibhokisi zokhuni okanye ukufakelwa kweplastiki zingasetyenziswa ngaphandle kwamanyathelo akhethekileyo okhuselo. Qinisekisa ukuba izinto zokupakisha zinamandla athile kunye nobunzima bokumelana neebhulukhwe kunye nokungqubana ngexesha lokuhamba nokugcina ingqibelelo yempahla.
- Iimfuno zoThutho: Ngokwesiqhelo, izixhobo eziqhelekileyo zokuhamba ezifana neelori eziqhelekileyo zendlela, oololiwe oololiwe, i-Inland Waterway Ukuhambisa ngenqanawe Iinqanawa kunye nenqwelomoya yenqwelomoya yenqwelomoya inokusetyenziswa, kunye neendlela zothutho olufanayo nolungelelwaniso ezifana nokuthuthwa kwendlela, ukuthuthwa kukaloliwe, ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kunye nezothutho nolwakhiwo kunye nezothutho lomoya.
2. Iindidi eziqhelekileyo kunye neemfuno zokuphatha:
(1) Impahla eyingozi:
- Inkcazo: Izinto ezineempawu ezinjengokudakumba, ukuqhuma, ukuveza kunye netyhefu.
- Ukuphatha Iimfuneko:
- UkupakishwaSebenzisa izikhongozelo ezikhethekileyo ezihlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe.
- Ukulebhelisha: Cacisa ngokucacileyo iimpawu zempahla eziyingozi.
- Ukuthutha: Khetha abathwali kunye nesiqinisekiso sokuhamba kweempahla eziyingozi.
- Ukususwa ozenzele kona: Nika ingxelo eyingozi yokuhamba kwempahla kunye namaxwebhu axhasayo afanelekileyo.
(2) iimpahla ezixabisekileyo:
- Inkcazo: Iimpahla ngexabiso eliphezulu, ezisemngciphekweni wokonakalisa okanye ubusela.
- Iimfuneko zokuphatha:
- Ukupakishwa: Sebenzisa izixhobo zokupakisha eziqinileyo, ezinjengeebhokisi zensimbi.
- Ukhuseleko: Ukuxhobisa nabasebenzi abakhethekileyo ukuze basebenzise izixhobo zokulandela umkhondo weGPS.
- I-inshurensi: Thenga i-inshurensi yothutho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lweempahla.
- Ukuthutha: Nika kuqala ukwalathisa iinqwelomoya ngokuthe ngqo ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokudlulisela.
(3) Impahla eshukumayo:
- Inkcazo: Iimpahla ezinomdla wokuphanga nokuwohloka kubushushu obuqhelekileyo.
- Iimfuneko zokuphatha:
- Ukupakishwa: Sebenzisa i-insuls eshushu kunye nezinto zokwenza ubushushu ukupakisha.
- Ulawulo lobushushu: Qinisekisa ukulawulwa kweqondo lobushushu ngexesha lokuhamba, njengamathokazi oqinisekileyo kunye nothutho olubandayo.
- Ukuthutha: Khetha iindlela zokuhamba ngokukhawuleza zokunciphisa ixesha lokuhamba.
- Ukususwa ozenzele kona: Nikeza isatifikethi sendawo yokuhlala kunye namaxwebhu afanelekileyo.
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- Inkcazo: I-cargoes ngomthamo omkhulu okanye ubunzima bayo ngaphezu kwemigangatho eqhelekileyo.
- Iimfuneko zokuphatha:
- Ukupakishwa: Yila isicwangciso sokupakisha okukhethekileyo ngokwemibandela yeempahla.
- Izixhobo zokuThutha: Sebenzisa izixhobo ezizodwa zothutho, ezinje ngeelori eziphantsi kunye neekhreyithi.
- Ukulayisha kunye nokulayisha: Cwangcisa abasebenzi abanobuchule bokulayisha kunye nokutyihumali ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko.
- Ukususwa ozenzele kona: Nika imvume yokuthuthwa kakhulu kunye nezatifikethi ezifanelekileyo.
(5) Izilwanyana eziphilayo:
- Inkcazo: Izilwanyana ezifuna ukugcina ubomi babo ngexesha lokuhamba.
- Iimfuneko zokuphatha:
- Ukupakishwa: Sebenzisa izikhongozeli ezikhethekileyo ezihlangabezana neMigangatho yokuThuthukiswa kwezilwanyana.
- Ulawulo lokusingqongileyo: Ukuqinisekiswa kobushushu obufanelekileyo, umonakalo kunye neemeko zomoya.
- Ukuthutha: Khetha abathwali kunye nesiqinisekiso sokuthuthwa kwezilwanyana.
- Ukususwa ozenzele kona: Nikeza isatifikethi sendawo yokuhlala ngaphandle kunye namaxwebhu afanelekileyo.
Through the above description of the handling methods of general cargoes, we clearly understand the operation points in the links of packaging, labeling, transportation and customs clearance.
Next, we will turn our attention to special cargoes and explore their unique features in terms of definition, common categories and handling requirements.
1.Definition:
Special cargoes (Special Cargo) refer to cargoes that require special measures to be taken due to their special nature, value, volume, weight or safety requirements during uthutho, loading and unloading, and storage. Common special cargoes include:
- Iimpahla eziyingozi: Ezinje ngeekhemikhali, izinto ezinokutsha kunye neziqhushumbisi, njl.
- Iimpahla ezixabisekileyo: Njengobucwebe, imisebenzi yobugcisa, iimveliso ze-elektroniki ephezulu, njl.
- Iimpahla ezitshabalalisayo: Ukutya okutsha, amayeza, njl.
- Igqithisile kwaye inesithukuthezi kakhulu: Ezinje ngezixhobo ezinkulu zoomatshini, izixhobo zokwakha, njl.
- Izilwanyana eziphilayo: Ezinje ngezilwanyana zasekhaya, izilwanyana zovavanyo, njl.
Iindidi ze-2.common kunye neemfuno zokuphatha:
(1) Impahla eyingozi:
- Inkcazo: Iimpahla eziyingozi zibhekisa kwizinto ezineempawu ezifana nokufana, ukuqhuma, ukuveza kunye netyhefu. Ukuba ayiphathwanga kakuhle ngexesha lokuhamba, ukugcinwa nokusingatha, ngokulula banokubangela ingozi enkulu yokhuseleko, isokongelo olukhulu ebomini, indalo kunye nepropathi. Izinto ezinjalo zigubungela iindawo ezinjengezixhobo ezingafunekiyo iikhemikhali, amayeza athile kunye neemveliso ezithile ze-elektroniki.
- Iimfuneko zokuphatha:
- Ukupakishwa: Kufuneka basebenzise ngokungqongqo kwizikhongozeli ezikhethekileyo ezihlangabezana nemigangatho yehlabathi. Ezi zikhongozeli ziyilelwe ngokukodwa kwaye zivavanywe ekuthinteleni ngokufanelekileyo ukuvuza kunye nokuzibongoza kweempahla eziyingozi. Umzekelo, iitoni zentsimbi ezitywiniweyo zolwelo olunokutsha zenziwe ngezinto zokunganyangeki kakuhle kunye nokuxhathisa ngokunyanzelekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwanaxa sithuthuzelayo.
- Ukulebhelisha: Chaza ngokucacileyo uphawu lweempahla eziyingozi kwizikhundla ezibalaseleyo kwipakeji. Ezi zibonakaliso zinemilinganiselo kunye nezitayile ezimanyeneyo kwihlabathi liphela. Ngemizobo ye-ITuive kunye nemibala, njengokukhwela ityhefu kunye nedangatye elimele ukufunyanwa kwempahla, ukuphinda ndichonge ngokukhawuleza amanyathelo afanelekileyo, ukuze athathe amanyathelo okuphendula kwangaphambili.
- Ukuthutha: Kuphela ngabaphathi kunye nesiqinisekiso sezinto ezinqongophele zempahla ezinokubakho. Abathwali abanjalo banezithuthi zothutho zobungcali ezixhotywe uthotho lwezixhobo zokhuseleko ezifana nokuThintelwa komlilo, ukuthintela ukuqhubela phambili kunye nokuvumisa. Abaqhubi babo kunye ne-ESCORRs bafumene uqeqesho lobuchule kwaye baqhelene nemigaqo eyahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa izinto ezingxamisekileyo zokuhamba kwempahla.
- Ukususwa ozenzele kona: Kufuneka unikezele ngengxelo yempahla yempahla eyingozi kunye namaxwebhu axhasayo afanelekileyo. Ingxelo yothutho icacisa ngolwazi oluphambili njengodidi oluyingozi, ubume kunye nenani leempahla. Amaxwebhu axhasayo afanelekileyo abandakanya iphepha ledatha lokhuseleko (i-SMSS) yomenzi, njl njl.
(2) iimpahla ezixabisekileyo:
- Inkcazo: Izinto ezixabisekileyo zihlala zibhekisa kwiimpahla ngexabiso eliphezulu, ukuhlengahlengiswa okubuthathaka kunye nokuba sengozini yomonakalo, okanye iimpahla ezinomtsalane kakhulu ngenxa yexabiso labo kwaye zithambekele kubusela. Ubucwebe, iimveliso ze-elektroniki eziphezulu, imisebenzi exabisekileyo, njl. Zonke zibandakanyiwe kolu luhlu.
- Iimfuneko zokuphatha:
- Ukupakishwa: Khetha izixhobo zokupakisha, ezinje ngeebhokisi zentsimbi ezizodwa. Ezo bhokisi azinabo kuphela izikhuselo ezomeleleyo kuphela zokuxhathisa inqanaba elithile lokungqubana kunye nokuphuma, kodwa kungaxhotyiswa ngezitshixo ezininzi kunye nezixhobo ze-alamu, ukunciphisa umngcipheko womonakalo.
- Ukhuseleko: Oonogada bezokhuseleko abanokwabelwa ngokupheleleyo – Ikhosi escort. Aba oonogada bafumene uqeqesho loKhuseleko loKhuseleko lweeNgqondo kwaye bayakwazi ukuphatha ngexesha likaxakeka. Okanye sebenzisa izixhobo ze-GPS ze-GPS ze-GPS ukubeka iliso kwindawo yempahla ngexesha lokwenyani. Nje ukuba kubekho ukufuduswa okungaqhelekanga, i-alamu inokukhutshwa ngexesha kwaye iimpahla zinokufumaneka.
- I-inshurensi: Qiniseka ukuba uthenge i-inshurensi yezothutho eyaneleyo. Kwisicwangciso seinshurensi yobungcali, sigubungela ngokupheleleyo umngcipheko njengokulahleka kunye nokonakaliswa okunokwenzeka ngexesha lokuhamba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lweempahla. Kwimeko yengozi, i-Conversnor inokufumana imbuyekezo efanayo yokunciphisa ilahleko.
- Ukuthutha: Ukunika kuqala ukubiza iinqwelomoya. Iinqwelomoya ngokuthe ngqo zinokunciphisa inani lokudluliselwa kwemithwalo, ukunqanda umngcipheko owongezelelekileyo wokungqubana kunye nokulahleka ngexesha lokulayisha, ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka nokhuseleko lwezinto ezixabisekileyo.
(3) Impahla eshukumayo:
- Inkcazo: Iimpahla ezibonakala zibonisa ukuba iimpahla ezithambekele ekubeni nefutha kunye nokuwohloka ngenxa yezinto ezifana nokukhula kwentsholongwane kunye nokuphendula kwemichiza kwimo yobushushu obuqhelekileyo. Izinto eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya iziqhamo kunye nemifuno emitsha, inyama, ukutya kwaselwandle kunye namayeza athile.
- Iimfuneko zokuphatha:
- Ukupakishwa: Sebenzisa i-insullosul ye-thermal yobungcali kunye nezinto zokwenza ubushushu ukupakisha. Umzekelo, sebenzisa iibhokisi ze-foam zidityaniswe – Ukugcina iingxowa, okanye iibhokisi zokupakisha okwenziwe ngeephaneli zokufakelwa kwee-vacuum ukuba zinciphise ifuthe lobushushu bangaphandle kwiimpahla zempahla kwaye zinciphise izinga lezinto.
- Ulawulo lobushushu: Yenza zonke iinzame zokuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kweqondo lobushushu ngexesha lokuhamba. Mfutshane – Ukuhamba umgama, iilori ezihlaziyiweyo ezixhotywe ngezixhobo zefriji zinokusetyenziselwa ukuhlengahlengisa ubushushu kwinqwelomoya ngexesha lokwenyani. Ixesha elide – Ukuhamba umgama, xhomekeka kwinkqubo yokuqhubela phambili kwenqanawa. Ngoluhlu lwezixhobo zefriji kunye nobuchule bolawulo lobushushu, qinisekisa ukuba iimpahla zihlala zikwisiseko esifanelekileyo – Imeko yobushushu.
- Ukuthutha: Khetha iindlela zokuhamba ngokukhawuleza, ezinje nge-air Express kunye nePhezulu – Isantya sokuhamba kaloliwe. Ngokuthobela ixesha lokuhamba, ukunciphisa ixesha leempahla kulonwabo kunye nokwandisa ubutsha kunye nomgangatho weempahla.
- Ukususwa ozenzele kona: Kufuneka ubonelele ngesatifikethi sendawo yococeko kunye namaxwebhu afanelekileyo. Isatifikethi sendawo yococeko sikhutshwa yi-Arhente yeNdawo, iqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla zihlangabezana nemigangatho yococeko kwaye azinangxaki ezinjengezitshabalalo nezifo. Amaxwebhu afanelekileyo anokubandakanya isatifikethi semvelaphi, umgangatho uhlolo Ingxelo, njl njl, ukunceda amasiko akhupha iimpahla ngokukhawuleza kwaye anciphise ixesha lokubamba lempahla.
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- Inkcazo: Ukugqithisa kunye nokuhamba okuninzi kakhulu kubhekisa kwabo banetyala elikhulu, ngaphezulu komthamo wezixhobo eziqhelekileyo zokuhambisa kunye nokulayisha kunye nokungaphezulu kwezixhobo zezothutho ngokubanzi. Imizekelo yesiqhelo ibandakanya izixhobo ezinkulu zendlela, izinto zokwakha, ii-turbine zomoya, njl.
- Iimfuneko zokuphatha:
- Ukupakishwa: Umsila – Yenza isicwangciso sokupakisha okukhethekileyo ngokwemifanekiso ethile yeempahla. Umzekelo, ngenxa yezixhobo ezichanekileyo ezinamacala ancitshisiweyo, afumane indlela yokupakisha yokugcwalisa izinto ezithambileyo zekhuselo ngaphakathi kwaye zisebenzise phezulu – amandla okukhusela ngaphandle. Kumthwalo ogwenxa, yoyila ukupakishwa kwesekethe ukuqinisekisa uzinzo kunye nokhuseleko lweempahla ngexesha lokuhamba.
- Izixhobo zokuThutha: Izixhobo zezothutho ezizodwa kufuneka zisetyenziswe. Iimpahla ezinde kakhulu, ziphantsi – Iilori zebhedi zinokufuna ukuxhotyiswa. Bathobekile – iziko – ye – Uyilo lobunkunkqele lunokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo ukuzinza. Ngeempahla ezingaphezulu kwempahla, ngamanye amaxesha ii-cranes kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokudibeneyo neelori ezenziwe ngeflethi zokulayisha, ukulayisha kunye nokuhambisa imisebenzi.
- Ukulayisha kunye nokulayisha: Cwangcisa abasebenzi abanamava okulayisha kunye nokulayisha imisebenzi. Aba basebenzi bafumene uqeqesho lobuchule, baqhelene nokulayisha kunye nokulayisha iinkqubo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhambisa iimpahla, zixhotywe kakhulu ngokungqinelana nenkqubo yokuphakamisa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwako konke ukulayisha kunye nokulayisha inkqubo.
- Ukususwa ozenzele kona: Kufuneka unikezele ngemvume yokuhamba egcweleyo kunye nezatifikethi ezifanelekileyo. Imvume yokuhamba iphela ikhutshwa liSebe loLawulo lweTrafiki emva kokuvavanya kunye nokuvuma izinto ezinje ngobunzima, ubungakanani kunye nendlela yokuthutha. Izatifikethi ezifanelekileyo ikwabandakanya uluhlu oluneenkcukacha lwempahla, isicwangciso sokuhamba, njl njl.
(5) Izilwanyana eziphilayo:
- Inkcazo: Izilwanyana eziphilayo zibhekisa kwizilwanyana ezahlukeneyo ezifuna ukugcina imiqondiso yazo ebalulekileyo kwaye ziqinisekise impilo yabo nokhuseleko lwazo ngexesha lokuhamba, ezigubungela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana, izilwanyana zovavanyo kunye nezilwanyana zasendle.
- Iimfuneko zokuphatha:
- Ukupakishwa: Sebenzisa izitya ezikhethekileyo ezihlangabezana ngokupheleleyo nemigangatho yokuhamba kwezilwanyana. Ezi zikhongozeli ziqwalasele ngokupheleleyo imikhwa ephilayo kunye neemfuno zesithuba sezilwanyana kwaye ziyilo oluhle lomoya kunye nendawo ekhuselekileyo yangaphakathi. Umzekelo, iibhokisi zothutho lwezilwanyana zixhotyiswe ngemingxunya yokufihlakeleyo kunye nezibukondla zokuqinisekisa iimeko ezisisiseko zezilwanyana ngexesha lokuhamba.
- Ulawulo lokusingqongileyo: Yenza zonke iinzame zokuqinisekisa ubushushu obufanelekileyo, umonakalo kunye neemeko zomoya. Izithuthi zothutho okanye impahla yokugcina iimpahla zixhotyiswe ngobushushu obukhethekileyo – Ulawulo Nomngcipheko – Izixhobo zolawulo Ukulungelelanisa iiparamitha zokusingqongileyo ngexesha lokwenyani, kwaye zigcine umoya ofanelekileyo wokuphepha ukuba izilwanyana zoxinzelelo okanye ukubeka esichengeni okanye ukujikeleza komoya okanye ukujikeleza komoya okanye ukujikeleza komoya okanye ukujikeleza komoya okanye ukujikeleza komoya okanye ukujikeleza komoya okanye ukujikeleza komoya.
- Ukuthutha: Kuphela ngabaphathi kunye nesiqinisekiso sokuthuthwa kwezithuthi zezilwanyana. Abathwali abanjalo banamava othutho lwezilwanyana. Izixhobo zazo zothutho zitshintshiwe ngokukodwa ukuze zifezekise iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zothutho lwezilwanyana, kwaye abasebenzi babo bafumene uqeqesho lokhathalelo lwezilwanyana kwaye banokubonelela ngononophelo lwezilwanyana ngexesha lokuhamba.
- Ukususwa ozenzele kona: Kufuneka ubonelele ngesatifikethi sezakhiwo, kunye namaxwebhu afanelekileyo. Isatifikethi semeko yemeko yezilwanyana sikhutshwa yi-Arhente yeNdawo, eqinisekisa ukuba izilwanyana ziphilile kwaye zingenazifo. Amaxwebhu afanelekileyo anokubandakanya iirekhodi zokugonywa kwezilwanyana, imvume yokuthutha, njl.njl, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izilwanyana ziyahlangana nokungena – Phuma kwezeMpilo kunye neemfuno zeqela kwaye ugqibe ngempumelelo iinkqubo zokucocwa kweziko.
In international logistics, there are significant differences between general cargoes and special cargoes in terms of handling methods, uthutho requirements and costs. The main differences are as follows:
1.Packaging Requirements:
- General cargoes: Ngokwesiqhelo sebenzisa ipakeji esemgangathweni, ezinjengeebhokisi, iibhokisi zokhuni, iipallets, njl., Ngaphandle konyango olukhethekileyo.
- I-cargoes ekhethekileyo: Kuxhomekeka kubume bemithwalo, ukupakisha okukhethekileyo kunokufuneka. Umzekelo, iimpahla eziyingozi kufuneka zisebenzise izikhongozeli ezikhethekileyo ezihlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe; Iimpahla ezixabisekileyo zinokufuna ukupakishwa kwakhona; Iimpahla ezinokutshakaza kufuneka zisebenzise i-insullosul eshushu kunye nezixhobo zokufaka ishushu zokupakisha.
Iindlela zokufunda kunye nezixhobo:
- General cargoes: Inokuhanjiswa ngeendlela zothutho oluqhelekileyo, ezinjengokuhamba ngolwandle, ukuthutha komoya, ukuthuthwa komhlaba, kusetyenziswa izixhobo zokuhamba eziqhelekileyo.
- I-cargoes ekhethekileyo: Amalungiselelo akhethekileyo okuthutha anokufuneka. Umzekelo, ukuphosakala kwaye kuya kufuneka ukubathwa kakhulu impahla yokunxiba iimpahla kunokusebenzisa izixhobo ezizodwa zokuhamba, ezifana – iilori zebhedi kunye namaqhinga; iimpahla ezitshabalalisayo zinokufuna ukuthuthwa kwentambo kubandayo; Izinto ezixabisekileyo zinokufuna iscort ekhethekileyo.
3.ClesComs Ukucocwa kunye nokubeka esweni:
- General cargoes: Iinkqubo zokucaca zezicwangciso zilula, ikakhulu zifuna ukubonelelwa ngamaxwebhu asisiseko afana nee-invoice zentengiso kunye noluhlu lokupakisha.
- I-cargoes ekhethekileyo: Iinkqubo zokucaca zezicwangciso zintsonkothileyo kwaye zinokufuna ukubonelelwa kwamaxwebhu ongezelelweyo axhasayo, njengeenkcazo zempahla ezinobungozi, izatifikethi zendawo zokucoceka, izatifikethi zemvelaphi, njl.
I-FESTS kunye neXesha – Ukusebenza:
- General cargoes: Ixabiso lezothutho liphantsi kakhulu, kwaye ixesha – Imfuno esebenzayo ihlaziyekile.
- I-cargoes ekhethekileyo: Ngenxa yesidingo sonyango olukhethekileyo, iindleko zothutho ziphezulu, kwaye ixesha – Imfuno yokusebenza kakuhle yingqonga elingakumbi.
5.indlela nokhuseleko kunye nokhuseleko:
- General cargoes: Inkqubo yothutho inomngcipheko ophantsi kunye nokukhuseleka okuphezulu.
- I-cargoes ekhethekileyo: Ngenxa yobume babo obukhethekileyo, kunokubakho umngcipheko omkhulu ngexesha lokuhamba. Umzekelo, iimpahla eziyingozi zinokubangela imililo okanye ukuqhushumba; iimpahla ezixabisekileyo zinokubiwa; Iimpahla ezinokutshakaza zinokuwohloka ngexesha lokuhamba.
Ukuqukumbela
Ukuqonda lo mahluko kukunceda ekuqikeleleni izicwangciso zothutho xa kubandakanyeka kwimpahla yehlabathi, umnqamlezo – umda kunye – Iindlela zorhwebo okanye amashishini ahambelana nemizi-mveliso, ukuqinisekisa ukufika okukhuselekileyo nokufika kwasemva kwempahla ekufikeni, kwaye kwangaxeshanye kuncipha umngcipheko wokuhamba kunye neendleko.
Siyathemba ukuba umxholo weli nqaku uza kuba luncedo kuwe. Ukuba unayo nayiphi na imibuzo okanye izimvo, nceda uzive ukhululekile ukushiya izimvo okanye unxibelelane nathi!
